We show, through numerical simulations, that it is, in principle, possible to follow in time the structure and the population dynamics of an atomic system ``dressed{''} by a strong time-varying laser field. The proposed time-resolved spectroscopy scheme exploits the properties of the currently developed sources of coherent extreme ultraviolet radiations, generated via high-order harmonic conversion. With pulse durations within the femtosecond range, it is possible to conceive two-color pump-probe schemes that would help to shed light on issues currently under discussion about the dynamics of strong-field photoionization.